. John Eliot tried to prevent it, but it is reported that it became dangerous in Massachusetts to talk in favor of any Native Americans. This likely contributed to the initial
successes of the Indian rebellion. The order for removal was passed in October 1675, and by December over 500 Christian Indians were brought to the island. When they were released in 1676, because of the harsh conditions only 167 had survived. “Praying Indians.” Wikipedia
Some people refer to this relocation as a genocide. The Indians weren't allowed to build shelters or start fires. The island was visited by slavers who captured Native Americans for the slave trade.
Slavery was an accepted practice at the time of our story among many sections of society. Did you know there were Native American Slaves? I didn't.
Massachusetts became the first English colony to legalize slavery in 1641, and the colonists' desire for slaves shaped the major New England Indian wars, including the Pequot War of 1637, King Philip's War of 1675–76, and the northeastern Wabanaki conflicts of 1676–1749. When the wartime conquest of Indians ceased, New Englanders turned to the courts to get control of their labor, or imported Indians from Florida and the Carolinas, or simply claimed free Indians as slaves. Brethren by Nature by Margaret Ellen Newell
Here is a little bit about the Native Americans involved in this story:
Wampanoag was the Native American tribe that met the Pilgrims in 1621. Massasoit was their sachem or leader at that time. They lived in coastal areas of Eastern Massachusetts. A sub tribe of the Wampanoag was the
Pokanokets. In 1675, the chief of the Pokanokets, was
Metacomet (whom the English called King Philip). He was the second son of Massasoit. He forged a military alliance with other tribes which included about two-thirds of the region's Native Americans.
Nipnet-Nippenet-Nipmucks-Nipnuc, It's spelled numerous ways, was a tribe whose name meant 'the freshwater pond place.' This was in reference to an area of central Massachusetts and immediately adjacent portions of Connecticut and Rhode Island which was their home territory. They allied with Philip.
Nashaway was a branch of the Nipmucks that lived in the area of Lancaster where John White settled. The river running through Lancaster is the Nashaway River. They collaborated with Philip in the attack on Lancaster.
Muttawmp was a Nashaway sachem and was thought to be the finest hostile Native American military commander in this war.
One-Eyed-John, sometimes called Monoco, was the Nipmuck chief. He had been heard to brag that he commanded the loyalty of 500 braves and he would burn many villages in Massachusetts. He was the leader of the group of 20 of King Philip's men that attacked Lancaster in August 1675 when eight were murdered, including an infant. He is credited with capturing Mary Rowlandson the following February. Narragansetts were a coastal tribe centered in Rhode Island. They were frequently at odds with the Wampanoags. However they collaborated with Philip in the attack on Lancaster.
Canonchet was the Narragansett leader.
Wabanakis fought along side Philip. Their home was southern Maine (which was part of Massachusetts at that time.)
Mohegans-Mohaugs-Mohawks often scouted for the colonists. Their sachem was Uncas.
James Quanapaug alias James Wiser alias Quenepenett alias Quannapohit was a Nashaway sachem and Praying Indian who helped the settlers.
Job Kattenanit was a Praying Indian who spied for the colonists and was a preacher.
The most horrendous story concerning our ancestors and the Native Americans occurred at Lancaster during King Philips War. It undoubtedly colored their view of the Indians for half a century. It was a tumultuous time. First, here are some stories from early Massachusetts records that shine a light on how Indian allies tried to help the Lancaster settlers:
William Hubbard speaking of Quanapaug and Kattenanit:
“through the woods, in the depths of winter, when the ways were impassable for any other sort of people,"they sought the Nipnet outposts, and "ordered their business so prudently as that they were admitted into those Indian habitations as friends and had free liberty of discourse with them." Early Records of Lancaster.
But Quanapaug knew that Philip was out to get him. Quanapaug's own words:
"Next morning (24 Nov 1675) I went to One-eyed John's wigwam. He said he was glad to see me: I had been his friend for many years & had helped him kill Mohaugs: and said nobody should meddle with me. I told him what was said of me. He said if any body hurt me they should die. I lay in the sagamores wigwam; and he charged his gun, and threatened any man that should offer me hurt. And this Indian told me they would fall upon Lancaster, Groton, Marlborough, Sudbury and Medfield, and that the first thing they would do should be to cut down Lancaster bridge so to hinder their flight and assistance coming to them, and they intended to fall upon them in about twenty days time from Wednesday next." [James Quanapaug's Information]Early Records of Lancaster
Quanapaug reported to the Governor what he had learned on 24 Nov 1675. Unfortunately his report was met with inaction. Then Job Kattenanit tried to get help for the little community.
Job Kattenanit on the night of Feb 9 1675/6 - “about ten o'clock at night, Job Kattenanit, the second spy, completely exhausted, dragged himself to Major Gookin's door in Cambridge. He had deserted wife and children, and alone travelled upon snow shoes through the pathless wilderness from New Braintree, a terribly fatiguing march of eighty miles, to save his English friends.” History of Lancaster
This is the story of Job's visit from the pen of Major Daniel Gookin, The English army officer charged with overseeing the Praying Indians:
He brought tidings that before he came from the enemy at Menemesse, a party of Indians, about four hundred, were marched forth to attack and burn Lancaster, and on the morrow, which was February 10th they would attempt it. This time exactly suited with James his information before hinted, which was not then credited as it should have been; and consequently no so good means used to prevent it or at least to have lain in ambushments for the enemy. As soon as Major Gookin understood this tidings by Job, he rose out of his bed and, advising with Mr. Danforth one of the Council that lived near him, they despatched away post in the night to Marlborough Concord and Lancaster, ordering forces to surround Lancaster with all speed. The posts were at Marlborough by break of day and Capt. Wadsworth with about forty soldiers marched away as speedily as he could possibly to Lancaster (which was ten miles distant). But before he got there the enemy had set fire on the bridge. But Capt. Wadsworth got over and beat off the enemy, recovering a garrison house, that stood near another bridge, belonging to Capt. Stevens, and so through God's favor prevented the enemy from cutting off the garrison, God strangely preserving that handful with Capt. Wadsworth, for the enemy were numerous, about four hundred, and lay in ambushment for him on the common road, but his guides conducted him in a private way and so they got safe to Cyprian Stevens, his garrison house very near the other only bridge and a little ground parting them. This house burnt was the minister's house Mr. Rowlandson wherein were slain and taken captive about forty persons, the minister's wife and children amongst them. Daniel Gookin's History of the Praying Indians
Captain Henry Kerley and Reverend Joseph Rowlandson (John and Joane White's sons-in-law) had gone to Boston to plead for soldiers to come and defend the town, knowing the attack was imminent. They left their families in the charge of our ancestor, John Divoll, at the Rowlandson home which had been made into a Garrison. Sheltered there on the fateful day of February 10, 1675/76 were the families of John and Joane White's children Elizabeth (Kerley), Mary (Rowlandson), and Hannah (Divoll, sometimes written as Drew.) and several other families as well.
Early that morning King Philip led his warriors that included Wampanoag, Narragansett and Nipmucks. The colonists were aided by 200 warriors from the Mohegans and the Praying Indians. This is the story (abbreviated) of what happened from the pen of our ancestor Hannah's sister, Mary Rowlandson, who was there.
On the tenth of February 1675, came the Indians with great numbers upon Lancaster: their first coming was about sunrising; hearing the noise of some guns, we looked out; several houses were burning, and the smoke ascending to heaven. There were five persons taken in one house; the father, and the mother and a sucking child, they knocked on the head; the other two they took and carried away alive. There were two others, who being out of their garrison upon some occasion were set upon; one was knocked on the head, the other escaped; another there was who running along was shot and wounded, and fell down; he begged of them his life, promising them money (as they told me) but they would not hearken to him but knocked him in head, and stripped him naked, and split open his bowels. Another, seeing many of the Indians about his barn, ventured and went out, but was quickly shot down. There were three others belonging to the same garrison who were killed; the Indians getting up upon the roof of the barn, had advantage to shoot down upon them over their fortification. Thus these murderous wretches went on, burning, and destroying before them.
At length they came and beset our own house, and quickly it was the dolefulest day that ever mine eyes saw. The house stood upon the edge of a hill; some of the Indians got behind the hill, others into the barn, and others behind anything that could shelter them; from all which places they shot against the house, so that the bullets seemed to fly like hail; and quickly they wounded one man among us, then another, and then a third. About two hours (according to my observation, in that amazing time) they had been about the house before they prevailed to fire it (which they did with flax and hemp, which they brought out of the barn, and there being no defense about the house, only two flankers at two opposite corners and one of them not finished); they fired it once and one ventured out and quenched it, but they quickly fired it again, and that took. Now is the dreadful hour come, that I have often heard of (in time of war, as it was the case of others), but now mine eyes see it. Some in our house were fighting for their lives, others wallowing in their blood, the house on fire over our heads, and the bloody heathen ready to knock us on the head, if we stirred out. Now might we hear mothers and children crying out for themselves, and one another, "Lord, what shall we do?" Then I took my children (and one of my sisters', hers) to go forth and leave the house: but as soon as we came to the door and appeared, the Indians shot so thick that the bullets rattled against the house, as if one had taken an handful of stones and threw them, so that we were fain to give back. We had six stout dogs belonging to our garrison, but none of them would stir, though another time, if any Indian had come to the door, they were ready to fly upon him and tear him down. The Lord hereby would make us the more acknowledge His hand, and to see that our help is always in Him. But out we must go, the fire increasing, and coming along behind us, roaring, and the Indians gaping before us with their guns, spears, and hatchets to devour us. No sooner were we out of the house, but my brother-in-law [This refers to our ancestor John Divoll]* (being before wounded, in defending the house, in or near the throat) fell down dead, whereat the Indians scornfully shouted, and hallowed, and were presently upon him, stripping off his clothes, the bullets flying thick, one went through my side, and the same (as would seem) through the bowels and hand of my dear child in my arms [Sarah Rowlandson b. 1669.]* One of my elder sisters' children, named William [William Kerley b.1658]*, had then his leg broken, which the Indians perceiving, they knocked him on [his] head. Thus were we butchered by those merciless heathen, standing amazed, with the blood running down to our heels. My eldest sister [Elizabeth White Kerley b. 1631]* being yet in the house, and seeing those woeful sights, the infidels hauling mothers one way, and children another, and some wallowing in their blood: and her elder son [Henry Kerley b. 1657]* telling her that her son William was dead, and myself was wounded, she said, "And Lord, let me die with them," which was no sooner said, but she was struck with a bullet, and fell down dead over the threshold...the Indians laid hold of us, pulling me one way, and the children another, and said, "Come go along with us"; I told them they would kill me: they answered, if I were willing to go along with them, they would not hurt me. …
Of thirty-seven persons who were in this one house, none escaped either present death, or a bitter captivity, save only one. ...There were twelve killed, some shot, some stabbed with their spears, some knocked down with their hatchets. ...there were twenty-four of us taken alive and carried captive. A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson *[mine-DZS]
What happened in the area of Lancaster after 10 FEB 1675/76? The Indians spent the day looting and pillaging, and driving off livestock. Then left hurriedly fearing the approach of soldiers. And, indeed, forty soldiers and their Captain were on their way from the neighboring town of Marlborough. Those who still lived buried the dead with the help of the soldiers. Then the survivors gathered into two remaining garrison houses with what they could redeem of their possessions.. They included Sawyers and Wilders and many widows and orphans of those who had been slain. The leaders of the group sent pleas to the governor to send guards and carts to Lancaster that they might be moved to safer towns. And leave they did on 26 March 1676. The Indians burned what remained of the town except for the Meeting House and one other building. No one lived in Lancaster for several years. But, after awhile the families who had been granted land in Lancaster came back. There was peace in the Lancaster area for a number of years.
King Philip's War continued throughout the New England colonies for the rest of that winter and spring and into the summer until Philip was killed in August 1676.
What became of the Indians? Many who were captured were sold into slavery. Many ended up as slaves in the West Indies, some were tried in the court and hung. Some escaped and regrouped. Many of the Nashua Indians who had inhabited the Lancaster area before the English, joined the Nipmucks or other tribes. That spring a bounty was offered by the General Court of three pounds per head for the killing or capturing of ”sculking Indians.”
King Philip-
...was fatally shot by a praying Indian named John Alderman , on August 12, 1676, in the Miery Swamp near Mount Hope in Bristol, Rhode Island . After his death, his wife and nine-year-old son were captured and sold as slaves in Bermuda . Philip's head was mounted on a pike at the entrance to Plymouth, Massachusetts , where it remained for more than two decades. His body was cut into quarters and hung in trees.[4] Alderman was given Metacomet's right hand as a reward. Wikipedia
One-Eyed-John-At the close of the war he was hanged in Boston on 26 SEP 1676.
Job Kattenanit- despite his arduous effort to warn the government Job was sent to Deer Island. He was released from Deer Island along with five other Praying Indians when they were needed for a scouting mission.
James Quanapaug- alias James Wiser was also interned at Deer Island. There is some evidence that he survived that experience and sold land in Massachusetts in the 1680's.
The result of King Philips war, on the English side, 12 towns were destroyed, one in ten military aged men were killed, as well as many civilians. On the Native American side it's estimated over 3,000 out of the about 10,000 population at the beginning of the war, were killed, decimating the native population. Those who were taken prisoner were hanged or sold into slavery. However, the colonists were still not safe from the fury of Native Americans. Because of European wars spilling into American there were raids on the settlers from Native Americans allied with the French Canadians up until 1760.
King Philip's War had been all about the colonists and the Native Americans. But from 1689 until 1759 there were outbreaks of violence against the English colonists from the French to the north and west, accompanied by their Native American allies. These outbreaks were all related to military events happening in Europe. The first part of the time period from 1688-1697 was called King William's War (See Betty White 11 SEP 1697.) Then there was Queen Anne's War 1702-1713. (See Jonathan Wilder and Jonathan White July 16, 1707.) Then there was King George's War 1744-1748 and the French and Indian War 1754-1763. (See Joseph and Elijah Woods.)
Now I will tell you how John and Joane's descendants in particular were affected by King Philip's War and succeeding interactions with the Native Americans in their neighborhood of Lancaster.
John and Joane are common ancestors of both Paul and Dianne Zimmerman Stevens. John was born 7 March 1601/02 in South Petherton, Somerset, England. He died 28 May 1673 in Lancaster, Massachusetts. Joane West White was born 16 April 1606 in Drayton, Somerset, England and died in Lancaster, Massachusetts on 18 May 1654. John and Joane had 9 children: John, Joanna, Elizabeth, Thomas, Mary, Sarah, Josiah, Ruth, and Hannah. They also had 211 grandchildren and at least 858 great-grandchildren (according to the Almira White Genealogy.)
John White-the first child of John (b. 1601) and Joane West White-We know nothing of him. He probably died as a child.
Joanna White-the second child of John (b. 1601) and Joane White- was born about 1630 in England. Though she must have moved to Lancaster with her parents, as she would have been only about 13 at that time, she married a boy from their former home of Wenham, Captain Thomas Fiske. They had seven children together in Wenham.
Elizabeth White-the third child of John and Joane White- was born about 1631 in England. She married, six months after her mother's death, Captain Henry Kerley, a captain in the militia. The Senior Kerleys (Captain Henry's parents) were another very early pioneer family in Lancaster. Here is the story of what happened to Elizabeth from the Almira Larkin White genealogy of the White family:
(Henry Kerley) with the Rev. Mr. Rowlandson, had gone to the Bay (Boston) to see about having the town better fortified, when the Indians came upon Lancaster and burned and pillaged the place, Feb. 10, 1675-76. Capt. Kerley had left his wife and children in the Rowlandson Garrison house with her sisters, and in the massacre of that date she was shot by the Indians, when attempting to leave the house; and, falling back, was burned so bad, that her husband did not recognize her when he helped to bury the dead on his return. Genealogy of the Descendants of John White... Almira Larkin White
William Kerley- the second child of Henry and Elizabeth White Kerley was born in 1658 in Lancaster, He died 10 Feb 1675/76 during the King Philip's attack on Lancaster. He was 18.
Joseph Kerley-the sixth child of Henry and Elizabeth White Kerley was born in 1669 in Lancaster. He died 10 Feb 1675/76 during the King Philip's attack on Lancaster. He was 6 years old.
Hannah Kerley-the fourth child of Henry and Elizabeth White Kerley was born in 1663 in Lancaster. She was taken captive during the King Philip's attack on Lancaster. She was 13 years old.
Mary Kerley-the fifth child of Henry and Elizabeth White Kerley was born in 1666 in Lancaster. She was taken captive during the King Philip's attack on Lancaster. She was 9 years old. In 1689 she married Jonathan Johnson of Marlboro. He was killed by Indians in Marlboro on the 12th of October, 1708.
Martha Kerley-the seventh child of Henry and Elizabeth White Kerley was born in 1672 in Lancaster. She was taken captive during the King Philip's attack on Lancaster. She was 3 years old.
Elizabeth Kerley-the third child of Henry and Elizabeth White Kerley was born in Lancaster about 1660. She is perhaps the other Kerley child who was taken captive. She would have been about age 16.
Henry Kerley-the first child of Henry and Elizabeth White Kerley was born in 1657 in Lancaster. The Almira Larkin White history reports him as being killed 10 Feb 1675/76 during the King Philip's attack on Lancaster, however other sources list him as taken prisoner. He may have been one of those who died in captivity. He was 19.
Thomas White-the fourth child of John and Joane White- was born in England about 1633. His second wife was Ruth Haffield with whom he had three children: Ruth, Thomas and Martha. Thomas died in Wenham, MA in 1672, even before his father's death. In so far as I have found, neither he nor his children had any problems with Indians.
Mary White-the fifth child of John and Joane White- was born about 1635 and came with her parents from England. She married Joseph Rowlandson in Lancaster in 1656. Joseph had been the only graduate of Harvard College in 1652. He became the minister of the church at Lancaster and was thereby a leading citizen of the town. Mary and Joseph had three surviving children at the time of the Lancaster attack: Joseph, Mary, and Sarah.
The Rowlandson home had been made into a garrison as Indian attack was expected. On the 10th of February 1675/76 many neighbors were sheltered therein. Joseph himself was in Boston trying to convince the colonial government to send troops as Lancaster had been warned of the coming attack. The garrison was attacked by hundreds of Native Americans led by King Philip. They were from the tribes Wamponoag, Naragansett, Nipmuck and Nashaway. Mary and six year old Sarah were injured in the attack. They were taken captive along with Mary's children Mary and Joseph. Mother and the two older children were separated. After her captivity Mary White Rowlandson wrote a journal of her experience entitled A Narrative of the Captivity and Restauraton of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson.
I will summarize parts of the story of captivity from Mary's Journal:
The Journal is divided into the following parts: Details of the initial attack and capture; Twenty “Removes”; and details of Mary's final rescue. The Indians constantly moved from one place to another, each move called a “Remove.” They seem to be trying to keep away from English soldiers. She speaks of them carrying their young on their backs, and sometimes even their old.
Mary refers to her “Master” and her “Owner.” She was initially captured by a Naragansett Indian, but soon sold to Quannopin, a Wampanoag, a sagamore (chief), who was married to the sister of King Philip. Even though she is not especially well-treated, it seems they realize Mary's importance as wife of the religious head of the town, and want to keep her safe, so they can get money for her.
Mary often refers to the Indians giving someone, or threatening them with “a knock on the head.” It seems to refer to as a way to kill someone and I gathered that it means a knock on the head with a tomahawk.
Another captive told her to apply oak leaves to the wounds. These helped Mary but not Sarah.
Mary and her child were given nothing to eat for the first three days. After that eating was sporadic, food hard to come by. Sometimes Mary was given food, sometimes she was given it in exchange for her sewing or knitting. Sometimes she bought food for herself with the money she was given for sewing. This is what she wrote about it during the Fifth Remove:
The first week of my being among them I hardly eat anything; the second week I found my stomach grow very faint for want of something, and yet it was very hard to get down their filthy trash; but the third week, though I could think how formerly my stomach would turn against this or that, and I could starve or die before I could eat such things, yet they were pleasant and savory to my taste.
And during the Fifteenth Remove:
I cannot think but what a wolfish appetite persons have in a starving condition; for many times they gave me that which was hot, I was so greedy, that I should burn my mouth, that it would trouble me many hours after, and yet I should quickly do the like again. And after I was thoroughly hungry, I was never again satisfied; for though it sometimes fell out that I had got enough, and did eat till I could eat no more, yet I was as unsatisfied as when I began.
Some of the things she ate were ground nuts, Indian corn, wheat, acorns, horse-flesh, bear, venison, and once pork. She tells of King Philip inviting her to dinner after she had sewed a cap for his boy.
He gave me a pancake about as big as two fingers; it was made of parched wheat, beaten and fried in bear's grease, but I thought I never had tasted pleasanter meat in my life.
In the Fifth Remove she describes the toughness of the Indian women. Every event is couched in religious terms:
And here I cannot but take notice of the strange providence of God in preserving the heathen. They were many hundreds, old and young, some sick and some lame; many had papooses at their backs; the greatest number with us at this time were squaws, and yet they traveled with all they had, bag and baggage, and they got over this river aforesaid; and on Monday they set their wigwams on fire, and away they went. On that very day came the English army after them to this river, and saw the smoke of their wigwams, and yet this river put a stop to them. God did not give them the courage or activity to go over after us. We were not ready for so great a mercy as victory and deliverance; if we had been, God would have found a way for the English to have passed this river as well as for the Indians, with their squaws and children and all their luggage.
She speaks of smoking a pipe of tobacco.
She tells of the Indians' plans to move against Northhampton and of a captive brought from the raid on Hadley, and learning of the killing of two men at Sudbury during the Nineteenth Remove.
About that time there came an Indian to me, and bid me come to his wigwam at night, and he would give me some pork and ground-nuts, which I did; and as I was eating another Indian said to me, “He seems to be your good friend, but he killed two Englishmen at Sudbury, and there lie the clothes behind you.” I looked behind me, and there I saw bloody clothes, with bullet-holes in them. Yet the Lord suffered not this wretch to do me any hurt; Yea, instead of that, he many times refreshed me: five or six times did he and his squaw refresh my feeble carcass. Another squaw gave me a piece of fresh pork, and a little salt with it, and let me her frying-pan to fry it; and I cannot but remember what a sweet, pleasant, and delightful relish that bit had to me, to this day. So little do we prize common mercies when we have them to the full.
She writes of the arduous treks through rain and cold, having to beg for scraps of food. She speaks of the cruelty and the abuse of the Indians towards her; being kicked, pushed out in the cold to sleep, having food stolen, her Bible torn form her and thrown, being threatened with beatings and death. But she also writes many times of the kindness of individual Indians, giving her food and shelter. And she states there was no sexual abuse:
I have been in the midst of those roaring lions and savage bears that feared neither God nor man nor the devil, by night and day, alone and in company, sleeping all sorts together, and yet not one of them ever offered the least abuse of unchastity to me in word or action.
After nearly three months of captivity Mary was brought to Boston. She was ransomed at Redemption Rock on 2 May 1676 for 20 pounds raised by some women of Boston and she reunited with her husband.
I found the diary very illuminating on several levels; one, the description of everyday life among the Indians. Though they had Sagamores, leaders, they seemed very free to live and act according to their own needs and desires. Likewise, Mary was mostly on her own to find food and shelter. Another level is how religion permeates the whole text, every event, good or bad, is part of God's plan. Thirdly, one cannot help but be impressed with Mary's literary skill. At a time when most people could not read or write, especially women, her literary ability would challenge that of many modern college graduates.
Mary and Joseph Rowlandson's three children:
Joseph Rowlandson-the eldest child of Mary and Joseph to survive infancy- was born in 1661 in Lancaster and survived until 1712. He was 15 when he was taken captive during the King Philip's attack on Lancaster 10 February 1675/76. He and his mother were ransomed at the end of their separate ordeals, about three months later.
Mary Rowlandson-was born in Lancaster 12 September 1665. She was 9 when she was taken captive during the King Philip's attack on Lancaster 10 February 1675/76. Her mother, Mary, saw the younger Mary several times during captivity. The first time she's mentioned, mother Mary says the daughter Mary had been rescued from the burning house by a praying Indian, but was later sold for a gun. Here is her last reference to her daughter Mary in the diary at the time of “The Fourth Remove.”
Here I parted with my daughter, Mary, whom I never saw again til I saw her in Dorchester, returned from captivity.
She may be the Mary Rolandson that married on 7 Feb 1689 in Salisbury, Johnathan Blodghead (Blodgett) (New England marriages Prior to 1700, p. 78); and then Samuel Preston on 24 Sep 1713. (Massachusetts Marriages 1633-1850)
Sarah Rowlandson-was born in Lancaster 15 September 1669. She was 6 when she was taken captive during the King Philip's attack on Lancaster 10 February 1675/76. She and her mother, both, suffered gunshot wounds during the initial assault. Sarah was carried, untreated, by her mother until she died on February 18th.
After Mary was reunited with her husband and children the family moved to Wethersfield, Connecticut where Joseph senior died only two years later in 1678. Mary lived until 1711.
Sarah White-the sixth child of John (b. 1601) and Joane White-is our direct ancestor on Dianne Zimmerman Stevens' Pierce line. Sarah was christened in Salem, MA in 1643. (We have no birthdate.) In 1658 she married James Hosmer of Concord, MA. Sarah and James had five children that lived past toddlerhood. They were James, Sarah, Mary, Thomas, and Hannah Hosmer. And then James was killed by Indians at Sudbury on the 31st of March, 1676, about seven weeks after the massacre at Lancaster. Another date given for “The Sudbury Fight” and James Hosmer's death is April 21, 1676. Could he possibly have been one of the two men Mary writes of in her journal in her Nineteenth Remove? (See above.) After her husband James was killed, Sarah Hosmer married on 13 Dec 1676, Samuel Rice, son of Edmund and Tamazine Rice of Sudbry. Sarah was Samuel's third wife. Samuel's brother Thomas had a daughter, Mary, who married Sarah White Hosmer's brother Josiah. Sarah and Samuel Rice had one child, Joseph.
James Hosmer-(husband of Sarah, above) was born about 1637 and grew up in Concord, Massachusetts. He is also our direct ancestor. Sudbury is about sixteen miles south and east of Lancaster. During King Philip's War the Indians attacked Sudbury on April 20, 1676. The attack was on both sides of the Sudbury River and involved about 1000 Native American braves, about one third
of the of the adult male hostile Native American forces in New England at that time. It is thought they were led by King Philip himself and his commander Muttawmp, a highly regarded Nipmuc sachem.
The attacks on both sides of the river involved a very large force (estimates range from 700 to over 1500) of hostile Native American braves probably personally led by King Philip himself and under the military command of his finest commander, Muttawmp, a Nipmuc sachem. The number of braves involved is thought to be about one out of every three hostile Native American forces in all of New England. Most of the Sudbury citizens fled to garrison houses where they were defended by local militia. Things were looking dismal until suddenly there appeared a group of Englishmen from nearby towns such as Concord and Marlborough, one of them your eleventh great-grandfather, James Hosmer. The Indians may have thought there were more colonists coming than there actually were. In any case they began to withdraw and Sudbury was saved. Sudbury was the last town in the Boston area to be attacked during King Philip's War. No one knows how many were killed that day; at least 74 colonists and an unknown number of Native Americans. But our ancestor James was one of them. He was shot through the head by an Indian as he attempted to escape by swimming across the Sudbury River.
“Descendants of James Hosmer ... ,” Hosmer, George L.
James Hosmer-the first child of James and Sarah White Hosmer- was born 26 Oct 1660-Concord, Massachusetts. James married Elizabeth Sawyer (b. 5 FEB 1663 in Lancaster, Massachusetts.) Elizabeth's brother, Ephraim Sawyer, was also slain by Indians at the Lancaster Massacre, 10 Feb 1675/76. Another brother of Elizabeth's, Thomas Sawyer, was captured by Indians in 1705 and taken to Canada.
Thomas Sawyer, son of Thomas Sawyer (1), was born in Lancaster, Massachusetts, July 2, 1649, the first white child born there. His capture by the Indians forms one of the most familiar stories of the colonial period in Massachusetts. He was a man of fifty-five when the event took place, and was living in the garrison as described above. Queen Anne's war was making the lives of the colonists unsafe especially on the frontier. Indians made frequent attacks and massacred men, women and children. On October 16, 1705, Thomas Sawyer, Jr., his son Elias, and John Bigelow, of Marlboro, were at work in his saw mill when they were surprised and captured by Indians. The Indians took their captives back to Canada, and turned Bigelow and young Sawyer over to the French to ransom. The Indians kept the other Thomas Sawyer to put to death by torture. Sawyer proposed to the French governor that he should build a saw mill on the Chamblay river in consideration of saving his life from the Indians and giving the three captives their freedom. The French needed the mill and were glad of the opportunity. But the Indians had to be reckoned with. They insisted on burning Thomas Sawyer at the stake. They knew him and knew he was a brave man, not afraid of torture and death. The crafty French governor defeated their purpose by a resort to the church. When Sawyer was tied to the stake a French friar appeared with a key in his hand, and so terrible did he paint the tortures of purgatory, the key of which he told them he had in his hand ready to unlock, that they gave up their victim. Indians fear the unseen more than real dangers, and doubtless the friar took care not to specify just what he would do in case the auto-de-fe was carried on. Sawyer built the mill successfully, the first in Canada, it is said. He and Bigelow came home after seven or eight months of captivity. Elias Sawyer was kept a year longer to run the mill and teach others to run it. The captives were well treated after the French found them useful to them. genealogylibrary.com, Genealogical and Personal Memoirs of Worcester County vol I/"My Link to the Past".
The second child of James and Sarah White Hosmer was Sarah Hosmer (1662-1724) She married Thomas Howe in June of 1681. These two are our direct line ancestors. Thomas Howe (1656-1733) was the son of John (b.1602) and Mary Howe of Marlboro. John Howe brings a different kind of Native American connection to our story.
(John's) proximity to the Indian Plantation brought him into direct contact with the natives; but by his kindness, he gained the confidence and good will of savage neighbors, who accordingly, not only respected his rights, but in many cases made him the umpire in cases of difficulties among themselves. In a case where a pumpkin vine sprang up within the premises of one Indian, and the fruit ripened upon the premises of another, the dispute which arose between them as to the ownership of the pumpkin, was referred to him; and inspired with the wisdom of a second Solomon, he called for a knife, and severed the fruit, giving a moiety to each. This struck the parties as the perfection of Justice, and fixed the impartiality of the judge on an immutable basis. “History of Marlbrough,” Rootsweb.com
Unfortunately, John's goodwill with the Indians didn't last His eldest son John Howe (1640-1676), Thomas's older brother,
...was killed by the Indians in Sudbury, April 20, 1676. The Probate Records say his "housings destroyed by the Indians." also from “History of Marlborough:”
This is same battle took the life of Sarah Hosmer Howe's Father, James Hosmer (see above).
John Howe (b. 1640)(mentioned above) had two daughters, Elizabeth Howe b. 1675 who was captured, and Sarah Howe Joslin was killed, plus three grandchildren who were killed during the Indian attaack on Lancaster on 18 July 1692. These two, Sarah and Elizabeth, are sisters of our ancestor, Thomas Howe.
It has come down to us on what authority is not given, that the Indians did not intend to murder when they entered the house; but that they were provoked by the sharp tongue and the long oven-shovel of Mrs. Joslin and in their rage slew her and the other victims. This is quite credible because the Indians were accustomed to enter houses freely and in an insolent and lordly way, demand food, drink and whatever they desired. Besides, they had no patience with scolding women or crying children. The proper resentment of a spirited woman might have been the occasion of a ruthless massacre by men who had no self control. History of Lancaster by Rev. Abijah P. Marvin 1879
Of the murder of the Joslin family by the Indians July 18th, 1692, the victims were: Mrs. Hannah Whitcomb the widow of Jonathan. Mrs. Sarah Joslin wife of Peter. Three young children of Peter Joslin. Captives: Elizabeth Howe, sister of Sarah Howe Joslin. Peter Joslin, son of Peter Joslin, aged 6 years, killed shortly after. Annals of Lancaster, by Henry S. Nourse, p.13
Here is another story about Elizabeth Howe:
(John Howe's b.1602) ) granddaughter Elizabeth, was at the home of her sister, Peter Joslin's wife. It is said that "her voise was sweet for musick." She was rocking her little niece and singing her to sleep, when suddenly the door opened, and the Indians seized and carried them both away before the alarm could be given. The baby became a burden and was killed; Elizabeth was taken to Canada and held captive four years; she was then released and sent to Boston by way of the Saco River. When she arrived at Boston on her way home, Governor Phipps sent for her and asked her why she had not been redeemed before, as he had sent several times to have the captives redeemed, purchased or exchanged. She replied, "had I been a beaver's skin, I would have been redeemed earlier."...Elizabeth returned to Marlboro and to her long waiting lover. When she was taken captive she was seventeen years old and soon to be the bride of Thomas Keyes. Upon her return the wedding took place. ... Elizabeth never recovered from the horror and brutality of her sister's death which she was obliged to witness. Her own life was spared because of the
superstitious regard the Indians had for her beautiful voice, and during her captivity she was frequently compelled to "make sweet sound." She retained for some time the customs of the Indians--their posture in sitting and their love for the out of doors. Ancestors by Nellie Palmer George
Elizabeth Howe is also related to us in another way. She married Deacon Thomas Keyes, the brother of our ancestor, James Keyes, who married our ancestor, Hannah Divoll the younger.
Josiah White-the seventh child of John and Joane White-was baptized in Wenham (now part of Salem, MA) in 1643. We're not sure when he was born, but he died 11 Nov 1714 in Lancaster. Before the events of 10 February 1675/76 his first wife had died leaving no children. We don't know exactly where Josiah was on that terrible day. But two years later in 1678 he married Mary Rice, granddaughter of our ancestor, Edmund Rice, about whom the Pulitzer Prize winning history book, Puritan Village, was written in 1964. Mary Rice was also the niece of Samuel Rice who married Josiah's sister Sarah after Sarah's husband, James Hosmer, was killed by Indians. (see above) After Josiah died in 1714, his widow married the Thomas Sawyer mentioned above, who was taken to Canada by the Indians. Josiah and his family lived on the property his father, John White, had bought and developed before the disaster of 10 Feb 1675/76. Josiah and Mary Rice White had at least seven children. I will tell you some of the interesting stories I have learned about them.
Sarah White-the first child of Josiah and Mary Rice White was born 1680 in Lancaster, MA. She grew up and married John Wilder of Lancaster.
Josiah Wilder-the first child of John and Sarah White Wilder was born in 1700. He grew up and married Prudence Keyes of Lancaster. Prudence was a daughter of our ancestors James and Hannah White Keyes. This story is so bone chilling I have to relate it here even though it has nothing to do with Native American interactions. Prudence and four of their children burned to death in a house fire 23 Jan 1739. This story about the incident is from an article that appeared in a Boston newspaper on Jan 31, 1740:
"We have the following very sorrowful Account from Lancaster in the County of Worcester, viz. That on Wednesday Night last the House of Mr. Josiah Wilder of that Place took Fire, and was burnt down to the Ground. In which were Mr. Wilder, his Wife, her Sister, and five Children; which three first got out of the House and Mr. Wilder, by pulling down a board at the back End of the House drew out one of the Children alive, but Mrs. Wilder in Distress and Agone for her other Children, ventured into the House to save them from the Flames, but could not possibly get out again and so perish'd therein, with all four Children. Mrs. Wilder was big with Child.”
Annals of Lancaster: Boston News Letter, 31 Jan 1740
Josiah White, Jr. the second child of Josiah and Mary Rice White was born in 1682 in Lancaster, 1682 and died in Lancaster in 1772. Josiah Jr. lived on the original Lancaster homestead of his grandfather, John White (b. 1601). Josiah married Abigail Whitcomb and they had fifteen children together.
Jonathan White-the second child of Josiah and Abigail Whitcomb White was born in 1708 in Lancaster and died in 1788 in Heath, MA. He is described thusly by Almira Larkin White:
a man of wealth and education, a gentleman of the old school
During the French and Indian War he defended his hometown of Leominster and achieved the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Here is a funny story from the Almira Larkin White history (p. 66) that was told about this Jonathan that illustrates what kind of a man he was. It also gives us insight into the religious practices and mores of the time:
After he returned from the war he lived most of the time in Leominster, but often passed from one town to the other. On one of these journeys he was detained over Sunday at Deerfield. He went to meeting in the morning, in his homespun frock, and, as he passed up the aisle no pew-door was opened to welcome him; so he went to the wood-pile and got a block of wood; this he laid on the floor near the pulpit, seated himself on it and listened attentively to the long sermon. At the noon recess the people made his acquaintance, and, finding that his station in life was not so humble as they had first supposed, treated him with great respect. When the afternoon service began many doors were thrown open to receive him but he disregarded all invitations and took his seat of the morning.
Jonathan and his wife, Esther Wilder (b. 1713 Lancaster-d. 1788 Heath, MA), had a hard time getting their family started. Of their first four children two died in infancy, two others died before the age of three. But then they went on to have six that survived to adulthood. I like to think they were a very devoted couple; Esther died Nov. 23, 1788 and Jonathan died eleven days later.
Hannah White-the third child of Josiah and Abigail Whitcomb White was born in 1710 in Lancaster and died in 1786 in Lancaster, MA. She married Joseph Woods of Lancaster. Hannah and Joseph had three sons involved in the French and Indian War.
Joseph Woods and Elijah Woods were both injured during the war. In the Massachusetts Archives is the following letter from mother Hannah about her sons:
To His Honor the Lieut. Governour and Commander in Chief for the time being... The Petition of Hannah Woods Humbly Prays that shee had two sons Listed under Capt. Ballard in Coll: Rugglesses Regiment in the first Expedition Against Crown Point, Vizt: Joseph and Elijah. Elijah Attended His Duty in the Province Service till the 26th Day of October 1755 at which time he had a furlow being unfit for Service and Remained Ill twenty weeks unable to Do aney Business all of which time I Nussed & Billited sd Elijah: that Joseph continued in the Service till he was Dismissed from the Expedition and Returned Home so Ill that He was not Capable of Doing aneyyy thing for ten weeks after his Return at which time I Billited and Loked after Him. therefore the said Hannah Humbley Prays that she may be allowed for Nussing Billiting and for what she paid for Doctring Hir two Sons an Account of which accompaneys this Petition and as in Duty bound shall Ever Pray Hannah Woods
(Massachusetts Archives, XCV, 188.)
Joseph and Hannah White Woods' son, Samuel Woods, was killed by Indians during the French and Indian War.
John White, Captain- the third child of Josiah and Mary Rice White was born in 1684 in Lancaster, and died in Lancaster in 1725. He married Eunice, daughter of the Nathaniel Wilder who was born in 1650. John was a famous Indian fighter. Almira Larkin White writes, “He was with Capt. Lovell at the killing of the ten Indians.” Captain White was commissioned to command a company of volunteers during the winter of 1724/25 by the Lieutenant Governor in Boston to, “Kill, Take & Destroy to the utmost of your power all the Enemy Indians you can meet with in your March, & Search for their Corn, destroying all you can find.” (From Almira Larkin White history, p. 34). He kept a journal of the trip which lasted from February until May, 1725.
Wikipedia has an account of the events of the part of the trip called Lovewell's Fight.:
Raid on Wakefield
On January 29, 1725, Lovewell and 87 men made a second expedition to the White Mountains. For more than a month they marched through the winter forest, encountering neither friend nor foe. Some troops were sent back home. The remainder made a wide loop up towards the White Mountains, followed the Bearcamp River into the Ossipee area, then headed back in an easterly direction along the Maine and New Hampshire border.
On February 20 they came across a recently inhabited wigwam and followed tracks for some five miles. On the banks of a pond at the head of the Salmon Falls River in the present town of Wakefield they came upon more wigwams with smoke rising from them. Some time after 2:00 AM Lovewell gave the order to fire. A short time later ten Indians lay dead. The Indians were said to have had numerous extra blankets, snowshoes, moccasins, a few furs and new French muskets which would seem to indicate that they were on their way to attack frontier settlements. Preventing such an attack is probably the true success of this expedition.
Early in March Lovewell's troops arrived in Boston. They paraded their Indian scalps through the streets, Lovewell himself wearing a wig made of Indian scalps. The bounty paid was 1000 pounds (100 per scalp).
John White lived less than a year after his return from hunting Abenaki Indians with Captain Lovewell. Administration of his estate was given to his widow Eunice on 28 Jan. 1725/26. A letter from Eunice to the Lieutenant Governor asking for recompense for her husband's service to the colony, sheds light on the cause of his early death. In Almira White's history, p. 40 is a copy of the letter which reads in part:
Forasmuch as the Sickness of which your Petitioner's husband dyed was in all probability Occasioned by means of ye difficulties he underwent in Public Service... [as an Indian Fighter]*
Another of our ancestor's, from Granny's line, was with this Lovewell expedition. He was Joseph Gilson of Groton, b. 1760.
John's wife, Eunice Wilder, was the daughter of Nathaniel Wilder. Nathaniel had an interesting history with the Indians. In his youth he and three others were brought to court for the murders of a group of Indians for which they were tried, October 1676. The Indians were not even hostile. They were from their friends, the “Praying Indians” Here is the story:
The victums were two squaws, wives of two of our Indian soldiers, the one named Andrew Pittine, the Captain of the Indians, and the other, his sister and one young woman, and three children whereof one was a nursing infant, and all the children of Thomas Speen. The scene of the murders was at a place about four miles from Watertown, Mass. The women were missed by their friends and after a long search the bodies were found not far from one another cruely murdered, some shot through the head, others their brains beat out with hatchets. The four murderers were seized tried and condemned and two of the four were executed and the other two pardoned by the general court. Nathaniel Wilder was one of the two pardoned. History of the Praying Indians by Daniel Gookin
During the trial it was shown that Nathaniel was guilty of " being present and seeing the act done and consenting " but did not take part. This event happened less than eight months after the destruction of Lancaster in KPW. It's understandable that Nathaniel and other former residents harbored a lot of hate towards Native Americans in general, but these they murdered were on their side! And so hate and revenge beget hate and revenge.
July ye 31 st of 1704 ye Indians besett the town in several places and particularly Lieutenant Nathaniel Wilders garrison where early in ye morning one of ye Indians shott him in the thigh of which wound he dyed ye same day, and ye Indians killed of his cattell six oxen five cowes 3 calves sixteen sheep 12 swine and burnt his barn and about 12 loads of good English hay. The Early Records of Lancaster , MASSACHUSETTS 1643-1725
Not only that, they captured four of Nathaniel's children: Oliver, Jonathan, Ephraim and Nathaniel; Eunice's brothers. Three years later Nathaniel's son Jonathan Wilder, was killed in Indian attack on Lancaster 17 AUG 1707, the same attack that took the life of Jonathan White, Eunice's brother-in-law.
Parties of hostile Indians had been continually hovering about the settlement (Lancaster), and on the 16th of July, 1707, had killed Jonathan White, a son of Josiah, and brother of Captain John White. The captive mentioned above as " barbarously murdered," was also a Lancaster man recently removed to Marlborough, by name Jonathan Wilder, whose father, Lieutenant Nathaniel Wilder, had been slain
in 1704. He was twenty years of age. The other victims were: Richard Singleterry and John Farrar killed, Ephraim Wilder and Samuel Stevens wounded severely. Ensign John Farrar was of Lancaster birth, being son of Jacob Farrar, Jr., who was killed in the massacre of Aug. 22, 1675. Ephraim Wilder was brother to the captive. Annals of Lancaster: Boston News Letter, 25 August, 1707.
(Actually, This Ephraim Wilder survived and had many descendants.)
An Indian Servant of Nathaniel Wilder was also killed by Indians Aug 5, 1710.
Betty White-the fourth child of Captain John White, Indian Hunter and Eunice Wilder White was born in Lancaster, 1716. Betty married David Whitcomb. Betty's mother-in-law was Mary Fairbank. 21 people were killed in the massacre of Lancaster September 11, 1697, including Mary Fairbank's husband and two children. They were Jonathan Fairbank, age 31, Grace Fairbank and Jonas Fairbank, daughter and son. The attack was instigated by the French in what was called King Williams War. The treaty ending the war had already been signed in Europe but the news had not gotten across the sea to the colonies. Mary was taken Prisoner.
Mary was taken prisoner at the same time (11 SEP 1697). While with the Indians she learned to doctor with roots and herbs and practiced the art during her life.
Genealogy of the Descendants of John White... Almira Larkin White
Jonathan White-the fifth child of Josiah and Mary Rice White was born in 1692 in Lancaster. He was only 15 when he was killed by Native Americans, July 16, 1707, along with Jonathan Wilder. (See above)
Ruth White-the eighth child of John and Joane White-was baptized in Wenham (now part of Salem, MA) in 1644. The Almira Larkin White book says Ruth died before 1673. And that's all we know about Ruth.
Hannah White-the ninth child of John and Joane White-was baptized in Wenham (now part of Salem, MA) in about1647. Hannah is mentioned in her father's will as his youngest daughter. She lived with and cared for her father in Lancaster after her siblings left home and after her mother had died. On January 23, 1662/63 she married Ensign John Divoll who also lived in Lancaster. Hannah White, the mother, and Hannah White Divoll, the daughter, are our direct ancestors on Grandpa Paul Stevens side of the family. Ensign John Divoll was guarding the Rowlandson garrison house on the morning of 10 Feb 1675/76. He was the first to fall when King Philip's forces attacked. Also killed were his sons John, age 11, and Josiah, age 6. The mother, Hannah, the daughter, Hannah age 8, and little William, age 3, were taken prisoner. Mrs. Divoll was ransomed from the Indians May 12, 1676. William was ransomed at the same time as his cousin, Joseph Rowlandson. There is no record of daughter Hannah being ransomed and many researchers believed she had died in captivity, but then a record was found of her children inheriting some of John White's land by way of his granddaughter, Hannah Divoll. And it's a very good thing she survived because otherwise none of us would be here. Well, maybe Granny.
We have no idea of how they lived through their Indian captivity except to believe it must have been very similar to the experience that mother Hannah's sister, Mary Rowlandson, described. We don't know if Hannah was separated from her children; was little 3 year old William torn from his mother's arms and given to an Indian squaw? We can only imagine. So when you think you have troubles, dear children, think of your ancestor little Hannah Divoll, only eight years old, and her baby brother. First they watched their father and two brothers be murdered, then they were snatched from their home and forced to live in the woods in the winter with strangers with strange ways, with little food and no way to know if they would ever see their mother again.
Hannah and John had four children.
John Divoll Jr-the first child of John and Hannah White Divoll was born in Lancaster, MA on September 28, 1664. He was killed by King Philip's forces during the battle of Lancaster on February 10, 1675/76. He was 11 years old.
Hannah Divoll-the second child of John and Hannah White Divoll was born in Lancaster, MA on June 12, 1667. She was taken prisoner by King Philip's army during the battle of Lancaster on February 10, 1675/76. She was 8 years old. In 1693 Hannah married James Keyes son of Elias and Sarah Blanchard Keyes of Marlborough. They are our ancestors. They had ten children and lived most of their lives in nearby Bolton.
The first child of James and Hannah Divoll Keyes was Elias Keyes. He was born in 1694 in Marlborough and lived until1768. He is our ancestor. He has his own story.
The ninth child of James and Hannah Divoll Keyes was Prudence Keyes (1706-1740). She married Josiah Wilder (1700-1782). They lived in Lancaster. Read her story above.
Josiah Divoll-the third child of John and Hannah White Divoll was born in Lancaster, MA on September 27, 1669. He was killed by King Philip's forces during the battle of Lancaster on February 10, 1675/76. He was 6 years old.
William Divoll-the fourth child of John and Hannah White Divoll was born in Lancaster, MA on April 8, 1672. He was captured by King Philip's army during the battle of Lancaster on February 10, 1675/76. He was 3 years old. He was ransomed along, with his cousin Joseph Rowlandson, in Portsmuth for a pound three months later. As an adult William was an upstanding member of the Lancaster community until his death.
I think you'll agree, the descendants of John and Joane West White had a very difficult time with the Native Americans. The found themselves in the midst of a calamitous change of ownership of the land, from Native Americans to English colonists. John and Joane had one daughter murdered by the Indians,
The latter 1600's and early 1700's were a violent and difficult time for our ancestors trying to carve out communities in the wilderness on lands inhabited by others. Just following the stories I could find regarding John and Joane West White's descendants that had violent run-ins with the Native Americans, there were:
Children killed: 1 Children Captured: 2
Grandchildren Killed: 7 Grand children Captured: 7
Relatives Killed: 13 Relatives Captured: 3
Those who survived carried on and persevered. Some actually learned from the Native Americans. A few reached out in kindness and respect. But most of our ancestors kept their faith and they kept having children. There are undoubtedly many thousands, if not millions of Americans alive today who are the descendants of this White family. A chart follows showing the descent of our family.
Love,
Granny
Indian Attacks in Lancaster:
King Philip's War: 1675-1676
22 Aug 1675 – six residents plus two soldiers-killed
10 Feb 1675/6- At least 37 killed or taken prisoner and the town of Lancaster destroyed.
King William's War: 1689-1697
18 July 1692-7 killed- see Elizabeth Howe, sister of Thomas Howe.
11 SEP 1697-21 killed see Betty White. The treaty ending the war had already been signed in Europe but the news hadn't gotten across the sea to the colonies.
Queen Anne's War: 1702-1713
31 JUL 1704-four killed-see Nathaniel Wilder
16 JUL 1707-one killed-see Jonathan White, son of Josiah
17 August 1707-three killed
5 Aug 1710-one killed-An Indian Servant of Nathaniel Wilder
Bibliography
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<>
Gookin, Daniel Historical Account of the Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians in New England 1675, 1676, 1677 , as copied by Jared Sparks in 1830
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“Massachusetts, Compiled Marriages, 1633-1850.”Ancestry.com, 9/23/2005, Updated7/26/2012
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Nourse, Henry Stedman The military annals of Lancaster, Massachusetts. 1740-1865. Including lists of soldiers serving in the colonial and revolutionary wars, for the Lancastrian towns: Berlin, Bolton, Harvard, Leominster, and Sterling. Clinton, MA: W. J. Coulter, 1889
“Praying Indian.” Wikipedia. 17 Nov 2017. 01 Dec. 2017 <>
Rowlandson, Mary. A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration. Cambridge, MA. Samuel Green. 1682. Reprinted as The Captive Las Vegas, NV: Geodesics, 1988
Stensrud, Rockwell. “What's the Difference Between Pilgrims and Puritans” Newsweek 26 November 2015. 2 December 2017
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White, Almira Larkin Genealogy of the Descendants of John White of Wenham and Lancaster, MA 1638-1900. VOL I. Haverhill, MA: Chjaase bros Printers, 1900.